Explain the Need for Sexual Responsibility in Personal Relationships

Explain the need for Sexual Responsibility in Personal Relationships Listen and be listened to- We need to hear our partners' thoughts, feelings, and ideas. We should also expect our partners to care about what we have to say. Be honest and expect honesty- We need to be truthful with each other about what we do, think, and feel. Share our feelings and expect our partners to share theirs- We need to be able to say what is on our minds and know that we will react to one another respectfully. Disagree and allow disagreement- Partners often have different desires, opinions, and ideas.They have the right to think differently. Partners need to respect each other’s' unique points of view Be fair and expect to be treated fairly- Partners need to be considerate of each other and treat each other equally in their relationships. Consider our partners' needs and have ours considered- Decisions that affect both partners should be made together with one another's well-being in mind. Partner s need to be able to compromise. Give support and be supported- Partners need to support one another's emotional needs.Help our partners feel good about them and expect the same in return- Partners need to acknowledge one another's efforts and accomplishments. Forgive and expect forgiveness- No one is perfect, and making mistakes is a normal part of life. If we apologize and are forgiven, we can move on. We shouldn't constantly remind one another of past mistakes. Let our partners use their own money as they like and expect the same in return- We should all be allowed to make our own decisions on how we spend our own money. We also have a responsibility to live up to whatever financial commitments we have made together.Respect our partners' needs for other relationships and expect the same in return- We all have a right to friendships outside of our primary relationships. Spending time apart with family and friends is normal and healthy. Respect our partners' privacy and need for ti me apart and expect the same in return- We all need privacy and time apart from one another – alone or with others. It is not fair to be angry or treat someone badly for wanting time apart. Respect our partners' need to feel safe and secure and expect the same in return- We all need to always feel safe and secure.Physical or emotional abuse, threats, or violence are deal breakers and end our responsibility to try to maintain our relationships. Respect our partners sexually and expect the same in return- Whenever we have sex, we should be attentive to each other's pleasure. We should always have each other's consent, and we should never use pressure to get consent. We should share in the responsibility of guarding ourselves and our partners against unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection. And we should always be clear about what we want to do and respect what our partners want to do sexually.

Options And Corporate Finance Essay

In a perfect world, the stock price will drop by the amount of the â€Å"special one- time† dividend on the ex-dividend date. If we ignore taxes as we do in this mini- case the wealth of the shareholders doesn’t change if the company pays a special one-time dividend or not because it is reflected in the stock price. As we also saw in class that a dividend policy for a company is irrelevant since investors can convert share to cash or create their own homemade dividends payments if they prefer an income stream. In essence, paying the dividend is transferring money from the company to the shareholders but net the wealth of the shareholder stay the same due to a similar drop in the share price, but the value of the company will decrease. 2. The proposal of Jessica could go both ways, it could increase the value of the company or decrease the value, for the simple reason that we don’t have any information about leverage, the amount of debt, capital structure etc. If the company is overleveraged that will result in extra costs of financial distress, which consist of direct, indirect and agency costs. An overleveraged company goes past the optimal point and will decrease in value as you can see from the red line. If this is the case then it would be a good idea to reduce the amount of debt which results in a reduction of costs related to financial distress and invest the money in new facilities to increase the overall value of the company. If the company didn’t reach it equilibrium point than it would be a bad idea to reduce the amount of debt because it will decrease the value of the company due to the tax advantages (tax shield), so it would be better to keep the amount of debt to and maybe even increase the debt to reach the maximum company value. This are two options which can increase or decrease the value of the company. Another point could be that we don’t know about future prospect of the current technology and if there is enough demand, and if they now use their full production capacity. If not the case then it would be a bad idea to upgrade and expand, but it would be better to invest in research for new technology. 3. Nolan is correct in the sense that all three indicators will increase due to share repurchase. It will increase the P/E ratio because there are less shares available and it will reduce the denominator of both ROA and ROE which will result in an increase in both ratios. However, a share repurchase will not have any effect on the value of the company for the reasons we discussed in question 1, which is that the dividend policy is irrelevant to the value of the company and it won’t have any effect on the wealth of shareholders. 4. When a company starts with a dividend policy it gives a signal to the shareholders/investors that they are committed to distribute part of their income to their shareholders. If they would start with regular dividend payments they should be sure that they are able to continue that forever, because a reduction in dividend or if they stop paying dividend at all at a later stage will send a negative signal to the market and shareholders/investors. So, they need to make sure that they have enough cash to keep the dividend policy going. To come back to the question, I would evaluate it regarding the company’s ability to pay the dividend for an infinite time period and I they will have enough cash in the future or generate enough cash in the future to pay the dividends. 5. If the company wants to expand (and it is able to do so) the trade-off is lower dividends to their shareholders than when they are a mature company who has no growth potential than they would pay dividend. The implications of the formula are that the company should make a trade-off/decision between company growth or pay the dividend to its shareholders. To please its shareholders and to maximize the company’s value, the company should deliver the required rate of return which is wanted by the shareholders or deliver a higher return to make the shareholders happy. If the company can have a higher rate of return than wanted by the shareholders it should retain earnings to invest in the growth to increase the rate of return, when this is not possible it should pay the shareholders their dividend to give them their required rate of return. But if the company retain its earnings when the rate of return is lower than wanted by the shareholders it lowers the company’s value .

The Cask Of Amontillado Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Cask Of Amontillado - Essay Example The design in which the author brings out his message in the Cask of Amontillado story would be that people should always be careful whenever they are talking bad about other people. The issue of trust is also quite common in this story (Poe, 23). The author’s main point is primarily from Montresor who is the story’s main character. Alternatively, the author shades light on how Montresor exacts his revenge throughout the story and his self-satisfied reaction to the outcomes of the tragedies (Poe, 28). As readers of the story, the readers might be tempted to judge Montresor as a cold-blooded murder and an unreasonable character since his presentation to us is his poor motivations. However, there is the other side of Montresor where he has good will pretense and has careful Fortunato manipulation, which generally indicates care upon the planned Fortunato’s death. The readers have also a classic Poe’s case as an unreliable narrator. Throughout the story, his guilt and irrational nature tends to stop him from presenting himself as a truthful narrator to the reader (Poe, 40). On a closer inspection of the story, it is quite evident that Montresor has a black sense of humor. This character amuses the horrified reader especially when he directs Furtunato into his trap. By doing this, Montresor informs the audience regarding his intentions thus before the start of the story of his happenstance with Fortunato. On the other hand, Poe employs both dramatic and verbal irony in conveying the darkness of the Cask of Amontillados story. Verbal irony in this case is used to illustrate how the speaker contrasts his literal meaning with the speaker’s actual message. Alternatively, Montresor’s dialogue use in the story demonstrates the use of verbal irony (Poe, 35). There is also the aspect of dramatic irony in which the author uses throughout the story. Dramatic irony is generally as a result of disconnection which mainly occurs

Assignment about two readings Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

About two readings - Assignment Example The east and the west communicated smoothly via the trade activities. The inland areas were rather aloof from this bonding. The sea kept the states united and the same water body washed different geographical regions with varying characteristics. 2) The Roman Empire began to weaken a sit was invaded from the north by the barbarians. Spain, Italy and Suevi were invaded by the Vandals, the Quadi and the Franks respectively. Their idea was not to destroy the civilization but to enjoy the mild climate and rich oil. The Germanic invasions did not take away the traditions of the ancient civilization of Europe though the balance of power was disrupted and the provinces began to be occupied by the Germans. The change actually occurred when the Moslems invaded the empire. The Prophet replaced the Christian Faith, Moslem law and the Arab tongue also came in practice. The Mediterranean Sea or the Roman Lake now turned into the Moslem Lake. The rest of the Europe was cut out from the Mediterranean region. (Pirenne, 25) 3) Einhard was a barbarian writer who resided at the court of the King Charles I or Chalemagne, the King of the Franks. He wrote many compositions on the King’s life and works. He praises the King in his works and shared a close bonding with him and his children. Einhard writes loosely about the King including his ways of living, his treatment of his children and family and his appearance, which marked a strong presence. He was moderate in eating and drinking. He planned he education of his children well and made good judgments. It is through the documents of Einhard that we come to get a properly detailed account of King Charles’ life. He uses whatever scanty knowledge he possesses about language and narrates the achievements of the Great King Charlemagne. (Pirenne, 38-42) 4) Einhard considered King Charles or Charlemagne a great man mainly because of the immense

Do Catheter Washouts Extend Patency Time in Long-term Indwelling Essay

Do Catheter Washouts Extend Patency Time in Long-term Indwelling Urethral Catheters - Essay Example Bladder washouts do not have to be carried out all the time, however they may be essential when there is a significant amount of sedimentation in the urine; and in treating urinary tract infections. In this process, about 60 mls of water is usually introduced into the catheter gently via a syringe; the syringe is then removed and the catheter end is drained into a container. The procedure is repeated until 500 mls of water is used. This topic was chosen because of the growing interest of the impact of catheterization on long-term care patients and on practices which can be used to minimize the negative impact of catheterization. It is relevant to my future practice as a nurse because it would provide me with evidence on the importance of carrying out catheter washouts on patients under long-term care. This aspect of practice personally interests me because I have often encountered long-term care patients under catheterization and I have always been interested in finding ways to impro ve the quality of their lives. Evidence based practice Evidence-based practice is defined by Sackett, et.al., (1996) as the explicit and effective use of current and most appropriate evidence in health care decisions on individual patients. It also means incorporating individual clinical skills with the most appropriate clinical proof from research. Evidence-based practice is basically about getting the patient the best care possible, as proven by evidence, and according to his needs and preferences (Manzoukas, 2006). It also helps ensure that the knowledge of the nurses are up to date, that it supports clinical judgments, and can reduce time in considering appropriate care (Drisko, 2010). There are various forms of evidence which can be utilized including systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, case series/case reports, and editorials/expert opinion (University of Illinois, 2006). Not all evidence in this case is research base, most e specially in cases of editorials and expert opinion where the weight of the evidence is based on the skill and the authority of the practitioner. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct describes the specific duties of nurses. It also specifies that nurses have the responsibility of providing a high standard of care for patients at all times, and this includes providing â€Å"care based on the best available evidence or best practice† (NMC, 2009, p. 16). These provisions form the legal and practice-based support for the evidence-based care required of nurses. Evidence can therefore be used in this case in order to establish whether or not carrying out catheter washouts would extend the patency of catheters among long-term care patients. Moreover, evidence can be used to determine if these washouts would improve the care of catheterized long-term care patients. Literature review Various studies have been carried out on the current topic under study . Hagen, Sinclair, and Cross (2010) carried out their study in order to establish if some specific washout regimens are better than others in relation to effectiveness, acceptability, and quality of life. About five trials were able to meet the inclusion criteria covering 242 patients in two cross-over and three parallel-group randomised control trials. After witling down the studies based on the inclusion criteria, authors reported that there is no difference between the different washout solutions, however these results were not sufficient to support the conclusions.

Climate change drivers Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Climate change drivers - Term Paper Example Climate change effects have severely affected numerous activities and patterns. First, temperature has not been able to retain its conventional pattern almost in every part of the world. Abrupt changes have not allowed weather and temperature to experience a steady change and natural cycle transformation throughout the world. For example, higher temperatures have numerous ramifications for California water systems as they put effect on Sierra snowpack accumulation and snowmelt along with other hydrologic factors (Kiparsky and Gleick 5). Based on this description, it can be easily deduced that the rise in the temperature does not affect in a single manner. For example, in the mentioned quotation, it is evidently clear that Sierra snowpack accumulation and snowmelt are being affected by the change in the weather patterns and climatic change as well. PrecipitationCalifornia’s unique and different landscape affects precipitation patterns in the state (Carle 4).   The climate cha nge studies have been carried out for last many decades in California and other parts of world in which the environmental scientists have been conducting various environmental tests through observations and experiments. However, till this point of time, the scientists have not been able to accurately provide the impact of climate change on the precipitation. However, it has been highlighted that California receives around 200 million acre-feet of precipitation (Carle 8). Water vapor, water temperature, are those factors that affect the water quality.

My best, or your worst, team experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My best, or your worst, team experience - Essay Example We were to prepare documentation for business plan, three-year cash flow, and development plan for three, five, and ten years respectively, and lay out a marketing policy for the bank establishment. We divided the tasks equally amongst ourselves and worked hard to accomplish the goals. The command was challenging especially due to time constraints. However, the command experience was made exciting by respect from all members. All team members were respectful, disciplined, and obedient to one another. We made friendship and learned how to solve our differences professionally. Everyone contributed thoughts, ideas, and expertise. As the command leader, I made a great contribution by utilizing my team leadership and problem solving skills. The greatest experience came when we presented and won the command competition. Making the command successful was the most important accomplishment to me. It felt great and I was very happy to have led the command and emerged the winners. The whole command was a learning experience. I learned that collaboration, discipline, obedience, and positive attitude are the keys to a great teamwork

Discourse Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discourse Community - Essay Example The coffee shop will focus on quality delivery with minimum time. The price range is especially selected keeping in mind the students and also the available market competition. A special attention has being given to the existing competition in the market. Marketing plan is being designed keeping in view the start up budget and business requirements. All the operational requirements especially the suppliers and the equipment necessary for the successful operations of the coffee shop are catered as well. The need for staffing needs special attention and for these reasons part time employees will be present at the coffee shop. At the end the most important part that is financial projections are being provided which provides a detail view on the cash inflows and outflows. The coffee shop will be a limited partnership between three friends. Two of them named Jane and Rena will provide the capital for the initial setup of the coffee shop and the third friend named John will get 20% of the profits but he won’t participate in management of business as the he is the owner of the place where the shop will be located. Rest 80% of the ownership will be in the hands of Jane and Rena. All will be active partners in the managerial decisions. The reason for this type of partnership is to minimize the initial investment cost as if John’s property won’t be used for the purpose of coffee shop the rentals will increase the cost and because John won’t be participating in managing the coffee shop, it’s a limited partnership. Our coffee shop will be aligned with all the health and safety requirements. Clean and distilled water, with proper filtration system will be part of the coffee shop. All the checks and measures related to the safety and environment of the coffee shop will be given the utmost importance. The coffee shop will be a great place where customers can come and socialize. The comfortable environment with open interior, wooden

Rookie of the Year Essay Example for Free

Rookie of the Year Essay We face racism, prejudice and stereotypes every day in our lives. We may not initially recognize these three acts, but subconsciously we know they exist. At some point in our lives, we have all experienced racial slurs, segregation and grouping of people one way or another. These ignorant feelings are portrayed well in the movie Crash, written and directed by Paul Haggis. The film depicts racial and social tensions in Los Angeles and involves several characters of different races. The plot evolves quite rapidly and shows just how their seemingly different lives intertwine. The movie’s title is not based on a simple car crash; it actually originated from cultures and races â€Å"crashing† or colliding with each other. Crash is the perfect analogy of how the human race deals with the intricacies of life. These intricacies are felt by interacting with the people around us and those experiences shape our views and actions. Experiences can certainly change our racial views. A prime example of this is viewing all Middle Eastern people as terrorists after the 9/11 attacks. This example significantly shows the lack of tolerance of racial differences that are formed based on generalizations and stereotypes. This difference is displayed throughout the movie Crash. Officer Tommy Hanson, a white rookie cop played by actor Ryan Phillipe, is originally the partner of veteran Officer John Ryan, played by Matt Dillon. As a policeman serving and protecting all of the people of Los Angeles, Officer Ryan is a white â€Å"racist prick† and this bothers Officer Hanson. In their first scene together, the two policemen were off on their evening patrol when they came upon a black Lincoln Navigator. The interesting part was that a Navigator had been reported stolen earlier. Despite discrepancies in both the descriptions of the carjackers and the license plate numbers, Officer Ryan shone his bright lights on the car. As a result, they observe an African American women jump up suspiciously. Ignoring Officer Hanson’s plead to refrain from pulling them over, Officer Ryan proceeds anyway. The driver, TV producer Cameron Thayer, was cooperative but his wife, Christine, had a few drinks earlier and became argumentative with Officer Ryan. Christine exclaims that she and her husband were merely pulled over by the color of their skin. Thus, Christine continues to fight with Officer Ryan. This frustrates Ryan so as the situation escalates, he purposefully makes Christine uncomfortable in a routine pat down. Ryan touches her inappropriately and put his hands inside her dress. Cameron, completely embarrassed, does nothing to defend his wife. After this incident, Officer Hanson becomes disgusted with Officer Ryan. Officer Hanson becomes so appalled that he visits his Lieutenant, Dixon, and requests a new partner. Dixon fearful of losing his job over a rookie cop informs Hanson the only way to get away from Officer Ryan is to use a medical excuse that will allow him to drive his own patrol car. After Officer Hanson and Lieutenant Dixon come to an agreement, Hanson runs into his old partner Officer Ryan in the parking lot. Officer Ryan emotionally tells him, â€Å"Wait till you’ve been doing it a little longer. You think you know who you are. You have no idea! † This foreshadowing farewell hints that the rookie’s untarnished views may soon change with more experience and time in the police force. After Officer Hanson is on his own patrol, he receives a police scanner â€Å"call† about a black Navigator. Officer Hanson arrives at the scene and quickly realizes it is Cameron again. Unlike the first time, Cameron becomes uncooperative with the police and begins threatening them. As a result, police threaten to shoot the TV producer but Officer Hanson steps up to radically defend Cameron. Officer Hanson asks for a minute to talk with Cameron saying he is an old friend. It seems Officer Hanson felt bad from the first time he stopped Cameron, and he tries to make it up to the producer. Officer Hanson tries to calm Cameron down and guides him back to his car. In this encounter, Cameron acted like a completely different person than Hanson had met the first time. Officer Hanson could not understand why Cameron was acting this way towards the officers. The only idea Hanson could think of was that Cameron was acting out to the policemen because Officer Ryan had acted inappropriately with his wife Christine. Officer Hanson saved Cameron’s life since the other officers were threatening to shoot him but Cameron was let go with another warning thanks to Officer Hanson. In the final scene, Officer Hanson finds a man hitchhiking on the side of the road. The man’s name is Peter and Hanson stops and offers him a ride. The two begin having a normal conversation until Peter sees Hanson’s St. Christopher figurine on the dashboard. Peter instantly starts giggling and starts reaching into his pocket; Hanson does not understand this reaction and demands Peter to explain. Peter, however, continues to giggle and puts his hand in his pocket. Consequently, Officer Hanson feels threatened by the movement and shoots Peter. This fear may in fact emanate from a stereotypical view. Officer Hanson may not feel he is racist, but he has developed stereotypes during the course of his career. These stereotypes and conflicting views are obviously what Officer Ryan was referring to in their final meeting. It turns out that Peter was only reaching in his pocket for his own St. Christopher figurine and wanted to show Hanson that they had the same one. Unfortunately, Officer Hanson panics and dumps Peter on the side of the road, then sets his own car on fire and escapes from the scene. Although Officer Hanson may not have been as racist as his ex-partner Officer Ryan, he developed a certain prejudice or stereotypical attitude towards African Americans and obviously random hitchhikers. Racism is not tolerated in our society; in fact it is severely looked down upon, yet people are unable to change their feelings and judgments of people. Even though we are all â€Å"God’s children,† we are distinguished by certain characteristics like the color of our skin. Every race and culture can be viewed differently in society and this certainly applies in Los Angeles. The movie Crash depicted many of these racial views and relayed a resounding message about the negatives of society. Racism and segregation should be eliminated from the real world because all people are created equally. Crash was an influential wake up call to viewers that all people are in fact not treated equally, especially here in America. As shown by Officer Hanson’s negative character progression, even good people can change for the worse depending on their environment and situations. Hopefully in the future this progression is instead positive, and the attitudes toward people of different race, culture, or gender are both improved and accepted with a more open mind.

The Quality of Early Child Care and Children’s Development Essay Example for Free

The Quality of Early Child Care and Children’s Development Essay ABSTRACT—The past half-century saw dramatic changes in families that altered the daily experiences of many young children. As more mothers of young children entered the labor force, increasing numbers of young children spent substantial hours in various child-care settings. These changes gave rise to a large body of research on the impact of the quality of early child care on children’s development. However, a full understanding of the role of the quality of early child care requires consideration of the interplay among child care, family, workplace, and society. This article places what we know about the quality of early child care and children’s development in this larger ecological context, and suggests directions for future research and practice. The past half-century saw dramatic changes in families that altered the daily experiences of many young children. In 1970, only 24% of mothers with a young child (birth through age 3) were in the labor force; by 2000, this figure had risen to 57%. This growth in maternal employment was accompanied by changes in children’s daily experiences. By 2000, 80% of children under the age of 6 were in some form of nonparental care, spending an average of 40 hours a week in such care (National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2003). Research on children’s experiences saw a parallel change that was equally dramatic. Early research in the field focused primarily on the question of whether child care (or maternal employment) per se was good or bad for children; current research asks questions about the relation between children’s development and variations in the quality and quantity of child care that they experience. The field also now recognizes varying types of child care, including center-based care, licensed or regulated home-based care by nonrelatives (family-childcare homes), and other home-based care, such as care by relatives or in-home sitters. There have been methodological advances as well. Early research was more likely to study small samples and examine correlations between child care and children’s outcomes at a single point in time; current research is more likely to involve large samples at multiple sites, to use experimental or quasi-experimental designs, and to follow participants over time. Perhaps the most important advance in child-care research has been theoretical. Early research tended to study the effects of child care in isolation from other significant aspects of children’s lives. Current research is more likely to be grounded in ecological systems theory, which considers children’s development in the context of the child-care system as well as the family system, and recognizes the links between these systems and the larger society. In this article, I focus on one segment of current research on early child care—the links between the quality of child care and children’s development—drawing on ecological systems theory to provide an overview of recent advances and to suggest directions for future research. ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY AND EARLY CHILD CARE Ecological systems theory places child development in an ecological perspective, in which an individual’s experience is nested within interconnected systems (Bronfenbrenner, 1989). Microsystems, such as families or child-care settings, are characterized by face-to-face connections among individuals. Mesosystems consist of two or more microsystems and the linkages or processes that combine or connect them. These mesosystems exist within the larger context of the exosystem, those settings in which the child does not directly participate but that influence the lives of parents and other adults in the child’s world, such as a parent’s workplace, educational institutions that train child-care teachers and providers, and government agencies that set regulations for child-care facilities or establish welfare-reform policies. The mesosystems and exosystems operate within the context of a macrosystem of societal and cultural beliefs and practices. Note that these systems are not static, but may change over time. The Mesosystem of Family Child Care Children inhabit both families and child-care microsystems, and these systems are linked. Parents select particular types of child care, of varying quality, for children of different ages—and these decisions vary with family structure, parental characteristics, geographical location, and other factors. Singer, Fuller, Keiley, and Wolf (1998) argued that child-care researchers must consider these selection effects if they are to accurately model the impact of child care on children’s development over time. 1 Through their selection of particular child-care arrangements, parents have an indirect impact on their children’s development (in addition to their direct impact within the family system). But this linkage between the family system and child-care system operates in both directions: The child-care system can also influence the family system. For example, Ahnert, Rickert, and Lamb (2000) described a particular mesosystem characterized by shared care; in this mesosystem, mothers adapted their interactions with their toddlers in response to the toddlers’ experiences in child care. The Exosystem The family child-care mesosystem operates within the larger context of the exosystem of parental employment—one of the primary functions of child care is to enable parents, particularly mothers, to work outside the home. Historically, the child-care system has developed in response to characteristics of parents’ employment . For instance, the current child-care system includes child-care centers, which tend to have operating hours that match those of parents who are working weekdays, as well as family-child-care homes and kith-and-kin care, which are more likely to meet the needs of parents who are working evenings, weekends, or variable hours. However, in industries that operate around the clock, particularly those with highly skilled workers such as hospitals, we are more likely to see on-site child-care centers, sick-child care,2 and other accommodations to parents’ employment needs. Another important aspect of the exosystem is government policies and regulations that affect both the demand for child care (such as welfare-reform efforts that require low-income mothers to seek employment) and the affordability of child care. Although the United States provides some child-care subsidies for families, many low- and moderate-income families do not have effective access to subsidies. 3 Given the links between the quality of care and the cost of care, it is not surprising that children in low-income families who are not in the higher-quality, government-subsidized programs tend to receive lower-quality child care than children in middle-income families (cf. Phillips, Voran, Kisker, Howes, Whitebook, 1994). In this way, the exosystem of government policies and regulations provides an important context for the operation of the family ! child-care mesosystem. THE QUALITY OF EARLY CHILD CARE AND CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Using ecological systems theory as a framework, I turn now to the question of the relation between the quality of early child care and children’s development. I begin with a discussion of the concept of quality, and then move on to an overview of what researchers currently know about the role of the quality of early child care in children’s lives. What Is Quality? The underlying assumption of all definitions of quality is that a high quality early-child-care setting is one that supports optimal learning and development. However, quality has been measured in a variety of ways across different studies. Measures of child-care quality can be categorized as either structural or process indicators. Structural characteristics include the child:staff ratio (the number of children per teacher or provider), the group size (number of children in the setting), and the education and specialized training of teachers, providers, or directors. The features of structural quality can be regulated, and most states set minimum standards for at least some aspects of structural quality, at least in center-based care. Studies that assess structural quality are most useful in evaluating the impact of features that can be regulated. Although understanding the links between structural indicators of quality and children’s development is important, we also need to understand the mechanisms by which structural quality affects children’s development, which requires examining what actually happens in the early-care setting (i.e., the process). How do adults and children interact? What materials are available for the children, and how do adults support children’s use of those materials? Process quality refers to the nature of the care that children experience—the warmth, sensitivity, and responsiveness of the caregivers; the emotional tone of the setting; the activities available to children; the developmental appropriateness of activities; and the learning opportunities available to children. Unlike the features of structural quality, process quality is not subject to state or local regulations, and it is harder to measure. One of the more commonly used measures, the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale (ECERS; Harms, Clifford, Cryer, 1998), assesses multiple aspects of process quality. Such multidimensional process measures tell us much more about the quality of care that children receive than do structural measures alone. Structural Indicators of Quality and Children’s Development What do we know about the links between the structural indicators of quality in early child care and children’s development? The research to date has found that better ratios (fewer children per adult) and more education or training for teachers are associated with higher language, cognitive, and social skills of the children cared for (National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2003). However, many of the studies that have examined structural indicators have employed small samples (fewer than 100 children) or have not considered selection effects in their analyses, so studies that do not have these limitations are of particular importance. In an interesting study that assessed the links between structural quality, process quality, and children’s outcomes, the NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (2002) found that the relation between caregiver training and child-staff ratio, on the one hand, and children’s cognitive and social competence, on the other hand, was mediated by process quality— that is, higher levels of caregiver training and lower ratios of children to adults in child-care settings were associated with higher levels of process quality, which were, in turn, associated with children’s greater cognitive and social competence. Process Quality and Children’s Development Among studies published in the past 15 years, those that employed an ecological model4 consistently found that higher process quality is to greater language and cognitive competence, fewer behavior problems, and more social skills, particularly when multidimensional measures of quality, such as the ECERS, are used or quality is assessed at more than one point in time. For example, the Cost, Quality and Child Outcomes Study (Peisner-Feinberg, Burchinal, Clifford, 2001) found that higher process quality in preschool classrooms predicted fewer behavior problems 1 year later, and predicted higher language and math scores in kindergarten and second grade, although the magnitude of these associations declined over time. This same study also found a link between the child-care and family systems, such that the association between child-care quality and children’s school performance was moderated by mothers’ education; specifically, the association was stronger for children whose mothers had less education. BEYOND SELECTION EFFECTS I began this article with a discussion of the importance of considering children’s development from an ecological systems perspective, which considers the family ! child-care mesosystem as a context for children’s development. Many studies of child care now consider the role of selection effects by statistically controlling for family characteristics. However, other linkages within the mesosystem must also be considered if one is to adequately understand the role of child-care quality in children’s development. For instance, aspects of the family system, such as the mother’s education or depression, parenting practices, and family income, may have independent effects on children’s development. In fact, in a study of 1,100 children, the NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (2001) found that although the quality of early child care consistently predicted socio-emotional and cognitive-linguistic outcomes during the first 3 years of life, family factors were more consistent predictors of children’s development than quality of child care, or any other child-care factors examined. Research on the family child-care mesosystem is familiar territory for many psychologists. However, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory calls attention to other influences on children’s development—the exosystem of parental employment and government policy and the macrosystem of societal beliefs about the desirability of maternal employment and the desired outcomes for children. For example, there is a complex interplay between parental employment, government policy, child care, and children’s development for low-income families. Government policy and the macrosystem of societal beliefs promote employment for low-income parents. However, low-income parents tend to have less education and fewer marketable skills compared with other parents, and are likely to be employed in sectors of the labor market where jobs are part-time or contingent (temporary), allow little flexibility for managing family demands, and offer few benefits. Work schedules are also likely to include hours outside of the typical Monday-through-Friday daytimes when childcare centers normally operate. Although government subsidies are available to some low-income families, most do not receive subsidies. As a result, children from low-income families are likely to be placed in lower-cost and lower-quality center care or informal care that is itself often of lower quality (cf. Henly Lyons, 2000). Viewing this ‘‘choice’’ as a selection effect leads one to interpret it as parental preference—but an ecological perspective suggests a different interpretation: Regardless of their individual preferences, low-income families’ choices are constrained by the operation of the exosystem of the workplace and government policy. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Current state-of-the-art research has provided clear evidence that the quality of early child care matters to children’s development. Children who attend higher-quality child-care settings have greater language and cognitive competence and greater social competence than children who receive lower-quality child care. However, several studies have documented the prevalence of mediocre or inadequate child care in the United States (National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2003, pp. 53–54). In addition, the high-quality care that does exist is not equitably distributed—lower-income children are less likely than higher-income children to have access to it. The next step is to answer the question: How can we best raise the quality of early child care for all children? Ecological systems theory draws our attention to the importance of placing this question in the context of family processes, parental employment, governmental policies, and societal beliefs and goals when developing theoretical models and models for practice. We must integrate our societal goals of supporting healthy families, economic self-sufficiency, and women’s employment with our goals of supporting healthy development and school readiness for children, if we expect to advance research and practice in the area of early-child-care quality and children’s development. Recommended Reading Lamb, M.E. (1998). Nonparental child care: Context, quality, correlates. In W. Damon, I.E. Sigel, K.A. Renninger (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Child psychology in practice (5th ed., pp. 73–134). New York: John Wiley Sons. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development, Board on Children, Youth, and Families. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early child development (J.P. Shonkoff D.A. Phillips, Eds.). Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Committee on Family and Work Policies. (2003). (See References) Phillips, D.A., Voran, M.N., Kisker, E., Howes, C., Whitebook, M. (1994). (See References) REFERENCES Ahnert, L., Rickert, H., Lamb, M.E. (2000). Shared caregiving: Comparisons between home and child care settings. Developmental Psychology, 36, 339–351. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. Annals of Child Development, 6, 187–249. Harms, T., Clifford, R.M., Cryer, D. (1998). Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale: Revised edition. New York: Teachers College Press. Henly, J.R., Lyons, S. (2000). The negotiation of child care and employment demands among low-income parents. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 683–706. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Committee on Family and Work Policies. (2003). Working families and growing kids: Caring for children and adolescents (E. Volume 13—Number 4 167 Nancy L. Marshall Smolensky J.A. Gootman, Eds.). Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Retrieved August 14, 2003, from http://www.nap.edu/openbook/ 0309087031/html/R1.html NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2001). Nonmaternal care and family factors in early development: An overview of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 457–492. NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2002). Child-care structure! process! outcome: Direct and indirect effects of child-care quality on young children’s development. Psychological Science, 13, 199–206. Peisner-Feinberg, E.S., Burchinal, M.R., Clifford, R.M. (2001). The relation of preschool child-care quality to children’s cognitive and social developmental trajectories through second grade. Child Development, 72, 1534–1553. Phillips, D.A., Voran, M.N., Kisker, E., Howes, C., Whitebook, M. (1994). Child care for children in poverty: Opportunity or inequity? Child Development, 65, 472–492. Singer, J.D., Fuller, B., Keiley, M.K., Wolf, A. (1998). Early child-care selection: Variation by geographic location, maternal characteristics, and family structure. Developmental Psychology, 34, 1129–1144.

General Motors Mission, Vision, and Values

General Motors Mission, Vision, and Values Company Background Founded in 1908, General Motors Corporation (GM) is the worlds largest automaker and has been the global industry leader in sales for 76 years (General Motors, 2008a). The United States is GMs largest national market, followed by China, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Germany. Today, the company employs about 284,000 people worldwide. With its global headquarters located in Detroit, GM manufactures cars and trucks in 33 countries. In 2006, GM sold 9.1 million cars and trucks globally under the brands Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, GM Daewoo, Holden, Hummer, Opel, Pontiac, Saab, Saturn, and Vauxhall (General Motors, 2008a). GM has fostered partnerships with many automobile manufacturers around the world. The company is currently the majority shareholder in GM Daewoo Auto Technology Co. of South Korea (General Motors, 2008a). GM has collaborated with Suzuki Motor Corp. and Isuzu Motors Ltd. of Japan with product, powertrain, and purchasing. The company has also collaborated with DaimlerChrysler AG and BMW AG of Germany, and Toyota Motor Corp., on advanced technology and ventured in vehicle manufacturing with several automakers, including Toyota, Suzuki, Shanghai Automotive Industry Corp. of China, AVTOVAZ of Russia, and Renault SA of France. The company currently sells its genuine parts and accessories under the GM, GM Performance Parts, GM Goodwrench, and ACDelco brands through GM Service and Parts Operations, which supplies GM dealerships and distributors worldwide (General Motors, 2008a). With all of GMs success in the past, the company is facing challenges during this time of economic hardship. The companys market valuation has decreased to $5.9 billion and its stock prices are at its lowest in 50 years (Lowenstein, 2008), which is evident with a closing price of $9.69 on July 10, 2008 (Yahoo Finance, 2008a). The skyrocketing price of oil seems to be the immediate cause of GMs problems, decreasing the sale of its sport utility vehicles and trucks (Lowenstein, 2008). The automaker is potentially looking at more layoffs and speculation of a possible sale of Buick and Pontiac (Lowenstein, 2008), however GMs vice president states that Hummer is the only brand the automaker is considering selling at this time (Yahoo Finance, 2008b). Mission/Vision Statement The mission/vision of GM is to be the world leader in transportation products and related services (General Motors, 2008b). Through continuous improvements driven by integrity, teamwork, and innovation of GM people, the company has earned its customers trust and enthusiasm. With all of the competition and the advancement of hybrid and alternative fueled vehicles, GM should look to being a leader of innovation. With this in mind, the mission statement could read GM will become the world leader in quality, innovative, and cost efficient products. The mission is for GM to become the auto industry leader in sales and market share in the global market. Company Values GM has six core values in which employees are to use in conducting daily business practices (General Motors, 2008c). These core values consist of continuous improvement, customer enthusiasm, innovation, teamwork, and individual respect and responsibility. These values must portray an image to the companys consumers that it values their needs and wants. With this said GM should add customer value and thinking green to its core values. This measure would show the company is focused on achieving high levels of customer satisfaction by providing innovative products that offer customers more choices with alternative fueled vehicles. Thinking green will show the company is concerned with doing right by the environment How Mission, Vision, and Values Aid in Reaching Desired End State Mission/Vision In order for GM to achieve its vision, the company understands that many issues must be addressed in order to attain its many goals. In order to become a more sustainable company, GM recognizes the importance of integrating economic, environmental, and social objectives into its daily business objectives and future planning activities. The future success of the company partly depends on technology, innovation, and partnerships (General Motors, 2008b). With technology, GM can efficiently address climate changes and fuel efficiency through its products. By accelerating the development and deployment of new technology, the company is able to improve its existing technology. Innovation provides GM with the tools to develop new ways of doing things as a company and with others. With increased competition in the global industry, innovation is critical in the future success of the company. In order to continue being responsive to the needs and concerns of its stakeholder and creating a sustainable future, GM understands the importance of continuing to build strong partnerships with the employees, industries, governments, markets, and communities, and others in order to be responsive to the needs and concerns of our various stakeholders (General Motors, 2008b). Values GM is based on is six fundamental values.With these values, the company has adopted and endorsed principles, such as the GM Environmental Principles and the Global Sullivan Principles. These principles are consistent with the companys values and serve to inform its strategies. The company states, These strategies drive our behaviors and actions, which produce the results that matter (General Motors, 2008c). Components of the Strategic Management Process Needing to be Analyzed Effect the New Strategy will have on the Leadership and Culture of the Organization How the Outcomes will Affect Stakeholders References General Motors. (2008a). About GM: Company profile. Retrieved July 10, 2008, from http://www.gm.com General Motors. (2008b). Sustainability and GM: Vision and Strategy. Retrieved July 10, 2008, from http://www.gm.com General Motors. (2008c). 2005/06 corporate responsibility report. Retrieved July 9, 2008, from http://www.gm.com Lowenstein, R. (2008). Siphoning G.M.s future. New York Times, p. A.21. Retrieved July 10, 2008, from ProQuest database. Yahoo Finance. (2008a). General Motors Corporation (GM): Historical prices. Retrieved July 12, 2008, from http://finance.yhoo.com/ Yahoo Finance. (2008b). GM reassures dealers only Hummer brand is for sale. Reuters. Retrieved July 10, 2008, from http://biz.yahoo.com

Management Information Systems :: Technology, Internet Banking, PDAs

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS) The most common technology applied by MFIs is the management information system known as MIS. MIS is an integrated computer-based application used to access useful, timely and accurate information to allow the user to make appropriate decisions, and to manage information effectively and efficiently. MIS includes modules such as loans portfolio tracking, human resources, internal control, accounting, and financial analysis (CGAP, 2010). MIS is often one of the major factors that enable MFIs to achieve significant growth. Kashyap (2009) stressed that â€Å"It is difficult for an MFI to upscale significantly and maintain the accuracy and transparency of its loan portfolio without an MIS†.(PAGE?) PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS (PDA) A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a palmtop computer, is a mobile device that functions as a personal information manager. MFIs employ PDAs to ease loan processing, improve loan officer efficiency, and increase data accuracy and access in the field. To get the maximum benefits from PDAs, MFIs should have a stable MIS, and high speed access to data from their branches (Waterfield, 2004). SMART CARDS Smart Cards are wallet-sized plastic cards have an embedded microchip that allows data storage, and works like an electronic passbook that allows MFI clients to carry all their related information on this microchip. Smart cards are used to manage savings accounts, disburse loans or make transfers (Whelan, 2004). Reliable electrical power for card readers, software integration between card readers and the central management information system, together with processes, policies, and staff resources for handling lost, stolen or damaged cards are required prior to the introduction of smart cards (Whelan, 2004). POINT OF SALE (POS) Point of sale (POS) is a device or system often linked to computers, bank card readers, or even mobile telephones, that is located at a physical location such as a retail outlet, in order to perform an electronic transfer from one account to another or from a customer to a retailer. Some MFIs have implemented this technology in order to increase the security of financial transactions, reduce transaction cost in order to serve clients, and to reach new areas without branch infrastructure (Owens, 2009) MOBILE PHONES Mobile banking is a way for clients to perform balance checks, account transactions, payments, etc. using a mobile phone. Mobile phones provide a new and rapidly developing technological alternative delivery channels to extend financial services to those excluded from formal financial systems. Mobile phones allow clients to call into an automated system to conduct business transactions, and to access and request information. Management Information Systems :: Technology, Internet Banking, PDAs MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS) The most common technology applied by MFIs is the management information system known as MIS. MIS is an integrated computer-based application used to access useful, timely and accurate information to allow the user to make appropriate decisions, and to manage information effectively and efficiently. MIS includes modules such as loans portfolio tracking, human resources, internal control, accounting, and financial analysis (CGAP, 2010). MIS is often one of the major factors that enable MFIs to achieve significant growth. Kashyap (2009) stressed that â€Å"It is difficult for an MFI to upscale significantly and maintain the accuracy and transparency of its loan portfolio without an MIS†.(PAGE?) PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS (PDA) A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a palmtop computer, is a mobile device that functions as a personal information manager. MFIs employ PDAs to ease loan processing, improve loan officer efficiency, and increase data accuracy and access in the field. To get the maximum benefits from PDAs, MFIs should have a stable MIS, and high speed access to data from their branches (Waterfield, 2004). SMART CARDS Smart Cards are wallet-sized plastic cards have an embedded microchip that allows data storage, and works like an electronic passbook that allows MFI clients to carry all their related information on this microchip. Smart cards are used to manage savings accounts, disburse loans or make transfers (Whelan, 2004). Reliable electrical power for card readers, software integration between card readers and the central management information system, together with processes, policies, and staff resources for handling lost, stolen or damaged cards are required prior to the introduction of smart cards (Whelan, 2004). POINT OF SALE (POS) Point of sale (POS) is a device or system often linked to computers, bank card readers, or even mobile telephones, that is located at a physical location such as a retail outlet, in order to perform an electronic transfer from one account to another or from a customer to a retailer. Some MFIs have implemented this technology in order to increase the security of financial transactions, reduce transaction cost in order to serve clients, and to reach new areas without branch infrastructure (Owens, 2009) MOBILE PHONES Mobile banking is a way for clients to perform balance checks, account transactions, payments, etc. using a mobile phone. Mobile phones provide a new and rapidly developing technological alternative delivery channels to extend financial services to those excluded from formal financial systems. Mobile phones allow clients to call into an automated system to conduct business transactions, and to access and request information.

Continuous Sexual Trajectory Essay -- Essays Papers

Continuous Sexual Trajectory In his Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Freud works inductively towards a theory of the (sexual) mind. The lectures consider years of psychoanalytic experience and try to fit them into a framework, in the process always slightly altering both the data and the theory. His primary interest lies in the competitive interplay of libido - the pleasure seeking unconscious part of the mind - and the ego - the rational and socially constituted character who internalizes norms and tries to tame the libido. The pleasure that the libido presses for is firstly sexual, but for Freud this expansive term indicates any kind of pleasure derived from physical contact. Working from these terms, he tries to consider the relationship between the normal, the neurotic and the perverted. Freud defines the pervert as one who lives out her or his desires for sexual pleasure despite the desires’ deviance from societal norms, and despite the fact that they do not lead to heterosex ual sex (377). The neurotic, on the other hand, shows symptoms created by the active and ongoing conflict between the ego’s demands and the libido’s desires (466). The question then becomes how this deviance relates to â€Å"normal† and why subjects become deviant. Ultimately, Freud’s attempt to establish a trajectory of human development taking the subject from childhood sexuality to adult life founders on the faulty basis of a presumed continuity. In order to explain his experiences as a psychoanalyst with patients and their myriad bizarre symptoms, Freud infers the structure of human development in general, with a focus on the sexual life of children. For adults to be sexual beings with particular symptoms, fix... ...man development grounded in an inferred childhood sexuality that is itself somewhat questionable. The circularity of his method, by itself, certainly does not prove it wrong. He could indeed be correct in the assumptions he makes, and thus their reappearance in and as his conclusions could be for the best. However, that the argument leaves so much space for alternate routes for the origin of what are labeled forms of deviance does at least indicate its incomplete correctness, if not its complete incorrectness. The important question becomes, as it began whether his thoroughly political reading of the nature of the sexualized individual is useful, as opposed to â€Å"True†. When the conclusions he reaches from this troubled theory contradict our sense of justice and reason, it may well be prudent to assume error lies in his ratiocinations rather than in our own agenda.

Analyse the cash flow problems a business might experience Essay

In this assignment I will be analysing that a business might experience if their sales figures turn out to be lower than the ones that they have expected or predicted. 1.1 problems of cash flow forecast Problem 1 Cash flow forecasts are something really important for a business and something that is a part of a business plan. A cash flow forecast is a plan for the future it will tell you whenever the costs are going to be raised over the year. It can also tell you what the business revenue is going to be and what the business performance for the following year is. Problem 2 From what I can see on Ricky’s cash flow is that he is relying on that one loan which is his capital that he begins with too and that is  £17,500 from the first month which is January. Bank loans are great for starting a business but that does not mean that they can not let you down in this case a bank loan can fail Rick because if the bank loan gets delayed or no longer available then this is a big problem for Rick because he cannot do anything best way to explain this would be he would not be able to pay for the truck which is  £20,000 and not only the truck that would not be paid for but the sales cost would not be covered. His total payments only for the beginning of year which is the month January his total payments are  £22,475 with this type of problems or should I say impacts that can happen there is no way that his business would survive. Problem 3 Another critical problem that can occur from that cash flow is if the sales figure is lower than the actual sales figure. For example the sales figure that has been predicted by Ricky is  £60,000 but let’s say that he actually gets  £40,000 as his total figure for his sales. This is a major problem simply because what he as predicted to get for his sales has not been met and  £40,000 worth of sales would not be enough to keep his business running regularly. Costs for everything would not be covered just because of this problem which again is very crucial for the business and of course loss  would occur there is no way that Rick would make any profit due to this problem. In addition the business would have to start the new month with a loss and again this is just because the total sales are low this would yet again mean that he cannot cover the costs for that month and he would have a greater loss that he would not allow him to recover fast enough for the next month in order for his business to be still up and working. Problem 4 Looking at Rick’s cash flow forecast I can see that there can be another problem that can occur and this problem is to do with his expenses and that is if his expenses turn out to be lower to what the actual expenses appear to be this can cause him not only a problem but a failure to his business because his expenses are  £71,750 and lets say for example they actually come out to be 81,950 this is where the big problem will occur because his expenses are higher and this would lead to Rick not being able to cover for the next year. Plus if the expenses go up in any month of the year this would decrease the chance of Rick gaining any type of profit and the balance would be different for the next month by all means this would affect the profit and balance within the business. 1.2 recommendations and solutions to the problems Solution to problem 1 Possible solution that Rick has for his bank loan problems is that he can either make sure to use his own savings that he has saved through out the years and that’s if he has saved any money in his savings account but probably the best and I would say most common way to get the money you need is if you ask friends to get you a loan or someone from the family to lend you money. He could also decide to get a small over draft which would keep his business running. Yet again lest not forget an overdraft has its disadvantage and that is when it come to paying back that over draft the interest rate would be high so he would have to think of a way to pay that off and it would not be an easy task for Ricky. Of course Ricky has the option of selling his own assets but that is just an option that could be left for last. In general I would recommend for Ricky to get a loan from his family or friends because in my opinion that is the best possible decision and the best possible way from h im to get his business up and running. Solution to problem 2 For the second problem there is a solution but this would have to be done correctly by Ricky and the solution is advertisement IF any type of business is looking to increase their sales the best way possible is to make sure to advertise their services a lot and reason being is to make sure that they let their customers know what they have to offer. Yet again we have to look at this from Ricky’s perspective what I would recommend for him to do is whenever he decides to advertise the best thing to do is to make sure he keeps his prices low because first of all this would give him an opportunity to show people what his business has to offer and second of all he would not have to pay a great amount of money to get his services advertised. Solution to problem 3 Another solution to his second problem would be if Ricky uses appropriate pricing such as low prices on the services he has to offer. That due to the fact that he is just starting his business it is not very known to people that are regular customers to other businesses and low pricing is the only way that he would gain customers. In addition this relates to his advertisement solution because if he advertises that his services are on low prices people would have more interest into going to see what Ricky’s business has to offer. I would also recommend for him to put his prices up only if his business is succeeding with the sales then he would be able to increase sales even more by doing this. Solution to problem 4 Solution to Ricky’s final problem would be for him to make sure that he monitors his expenses and by doing that he would be able to control them. What I would recommend for Ricky to do is to keep budgets this would help him to keep the costs in those fixed budgets by doing this Ricky would not overspend and he would keep the very most important thing in the cash flow chart low and that is his payments figure. The way that he can stay within his fixed budget is by doing this. For example his budget is  £80 000 and as we know his forecasted total expenses are  £71 750 he would be left out with  £8250 which he can use for next year to either to expand the business or to  improve on some things that the business needs and he can make the budget lower for next year. Another solution to his final problem is to find new suppliers or the best way is to make sure he buys his tools that he needs at a lower price. This would help him and his business so much it will actually make his business run fluently at the begging because that is what he wants so by him keeping the tool price low and this would mean that his costs are low too then at the end he is left with his expenses which will be low too and this could mean that they can match the figure that he has predicted on his cash flow forecast. 1.3 Conclusion In conclusion I have learnt that whenever you want to start a new business you would not only have to make a cash flow forecast but you would most defiantly have to predict the problems that might occur and how would you as a business man stand up to these problems and solve them and you would also have to know how to make sure these problems never occur in order for your business to be running smoothly.

Diary of Emotions

Experiencing different emotions have been a normal part of my daily life and thus having to take notice of it and be keenly aware of the physiological and psychological aspects of the emotion made me think of how difficult it is to fully explain emotion. Usually, what stays with our memory are the emotions that are intense and powerful, like anger, sadness and happiness, while the fleeting emotions of annoyance, impatience, worry and anxiety are taken for granted.With the emotion diary I was acutely aware of what I was feeling but rather had difficulty in naming what I felt or in identifying what kind of emotion I was feeling. A number of theories have tried to explain human emotion. Since emotion is a subjective experience and that mush of it is experienced physically, then the theories that explain emotion do so by looking into the biological and psychological components of emotions.The James-Lange (Atkinson, et. al. , 1996) theory says that the biological component of emotions suc h as physiological arousal and facial expressions are most influential in producing the subjective experience of an emotion. The theory argues that because perception of autonomic arousal constitutes the experience of an emotion and because different emotions feel different, there must be a distinct pattern of autonomic activity for each emotion.Thus, when my heart beat races and the hairs at the back of my neck rise, I feel fear and so I cower in my seat or close my eyes as I watch a horror movie. On the other hand, the cognitive appraisal theory of Schachter and Singer (1962) espoused that cognitive appraisal are sufficient to determine the quality of emotional experience, thus if people could be induced to be in a neutral state of autonomic arousal, the quality of their emotion would be determined solely by their appraisal of the situation.Hence, upon observing my surroundings wherein I was in front of the TV inside my house with all the doors and windows locked, I would feel tha t being afraid of the movie is childish and hence I would stop being afraid. Based on my experience, I could say that to be able to have a complete understanding of emotions, one must take into account the biological and the psychological aspects of the emotion. With the various intensity and kinds of emotions that we go through in a single day, it is unrealistic to say that emotions are entirely biological or physiological or that it is purely psychological. Diary of Emotions The Diary of Emotions made me realize that a person could feel a number of emotions in a single day and that each emotion is triggered by different situations and it affects us physically and mentally (Cornelius, 1996). Based on the entries on my diary of emotions for three days, I more or less felt happy during those times and also had several anxious periods. When I felt happy, I had a smile on my face, like someone was tickling me. When I go about my work, I just breeze through it and I don’t worry about anything. I feel that my body is full of energy, that I am not tired at all and that I want to have a good time.Sometimes I feel that my heart beats more than the usual, sometimes I feel warm and sweaty, but in a good way. When I am happy, I think good thoughts and laughter comes easily. But when I was anxious, my body manifested several changes, one was that I was sweating profusely, and my hands had fine shakes. I also felt a little headache and my heart beat was racing a nd it’s almost I am at the verge of tears or exasperation. Then I was thinking of worst case scenarios if ever I was late for class or my friend would not talk to me when I approached her, or when I was waiting for the exam.There was also a period when I was upset and felt guilty. When I was upset I felt terrible, I couldn’t get my thoughts together and I felt like crying. It felt that there was a chunk of wood on top of my head weighing me down. I also kept repeating the event in my head the one I was upset about. After getting upset, I felt guilty that I quarreled with my friend knowing that I should have not snapped at her like that. Guilt though was more difficult to define, the physical changes was quite the same as being upset, but in a lesser degree but I was thinking of how I could patch up with my friend andplanning what to say to her when I see her. Being angry was exhausting, it seemed that my head was bursting and my heart was beating so fast, and then angr y words just came out of my mouth and I felt justified at saying it. I was thinking of how to get even, how to hurt her as much as she did me. After which I felt like water in the pot simmering and still heated up. Fear was actually like being anxious angry but there was something else, I was quiet and trembling all over. I was afraid that I might fail the test and mentally I was imagining what would happen if I failed it.Feeling sad was like the opposite of being happy, I felt heavy, I did not want to eat and move around or to work on anything. Surprise and feeling relieved was like being happy and being interested felt like I wanted to know more about the movie, that I was glad I was watching it, I was attentive to the story, I was listening intently and I think my eyes were very alert then. This exercise actually helped me learn how to identify my emotions and by paying attention to what it is then allowed me to think about how we are sometimes overwhelmed by what we feel in a ce rtain situation.

Grendel and Frankenstein Essay

Grendel, the main character in the novel Grendel by John Gardner, and the Monster, the main character in the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley are both consumed by the desire to discover the nature and secret of human life. They are both monsters and so both are outsiders in the world of humans, but they try to integrate themselves into the society, only to be shunned universally. Their nature of monstrosity lies at the center of the action since they are being rejected by the society. Their response to this rejection paves the way to the discovery of human nature. Grendel the monster has an ambiguous characterization. Although he displays nothing but the most primitive human qualities with the strong evidence of his irrational outburst of emotions and brutalities, he has an extraordinary inquisitive nature with his capability of temperament and rational thoughts. Shelley’s Monster in the Frankenstein has also a temperament and benevolent nature but as he experienced man’s brutalities and judgmental nature due to his ugly physical appearance, his violent tendencies has been revealed. He starts to take revenge in his creator who is scientifically responsible to his existence and unfortunate fate. Shelley’s monster unlike Grendel is not presented ambiguously since he is only in search of happiness through companionship while Grendel is in search to answer his philosophical question whether human life and created patterns have meaning at all. During his younger years in the initial part of the novel, Grendel spends his life innocently, exploring his confined world in the caves with his mother, untroubled by the outside world of philosophical questions. I understood that the world was nothing: a mechanical chaos of casual, brute enmity on which we stupidly impose our hopes and fears. I understood that, finally and absolutely, I alone exist. All the rest, I saw, is merely what pushes me, or what I push against, blindly—as blindly as all that is not myself pushes back (Howell 67). Grendel in this statement initially sees the world as mindless without any discernible plan and reason. He believes any attempt to make a meaning or pattern in the world is a misguided effort. But one day, the young Grendel finds himself in a lake full of fire snakes, and he swims through it until he reaches the human world and civilization on the other side. Grendel’s inevitable decision to cross the lake is the start of his life towards adulthood. He starts to observe the world of men. Grendel finds the nature and lifestyle of men as pleasurable and enjoyable experience. Shelley’s monster on the other hand reveals his good side in the initial part of his existence but as he discovers the judgmental side of human being, who judges according to physical appearance, he starts to rebel putting all the blame to his creator. Grendel and Shelley’s monster, though both has monstrous nature and though both experience man’s brutality due to the fact that they are monsters, perceive human life differently. Grendel sees the world with fascination while Shelley’s monster perceives the world with contempt. Grendel is fascinated and at the same time envies how has mankind successfully evolved from a nomadic and tribal culture into a culture of obligations as they create government and institutions due to their continuous desire for material prosperity. He admires the intellectual capability of men and marvels at how they create roads, military, and government. Grendel therefore inevitably thinks whether life has meaning or not and whether human actions and efforts are senseless or meaningful. Since he cannot form philosophical ideas that explain his observations of human life, he decides that human efforts and created patterns are wasteful. Moreover, Grendel decides that it does not matter whether he will eat or kill people. But through his observations of Hrothgar of the Dane, the most powerful king of the area who sings about men’s glorious life and history, Grendel starts to perceive that human life is so rich that he wants to be a part of it. Grendel conspicuously wants to be part of human life. He believes that he can understand the nature of human beings more than he understands the monsters in the deep cave. Grendel delights in humans’ sense of community, intellectuality and their illusionary perspective towards life. Grendel sees that he belongs in human community because like him human beings are in continuous search of meaning. Shelley’s monster on the other hand who is product of collaborative scientific work and supernatural workings and who is strongly rejected by the society, approaches his situation with contempt. His monstrosity is not only reflected in his grotesque appearance but also in his dark tendencies to be evil after he is rejected. The dragon in the story, however, tells Grendel that the human world is actually meaningless and empty. The dragon has a logical belief that nothing man creates—religion, government, literature, poetry, philosophy, and so on—will survive the destruction of time and therefore approaches all man’s endeavors as something pointless and ridiculous. In addition, the dragon insists that Grendel can take and eat whatever he wants since morality is pointless anyway. Grendel sees the logic of this belief, but part of him yearns for men’s appealing endeavors and pursuits. Grendel wants to escape his brute and mechanical place in the caves that follow no meaningful and universal pattern. The animals and monsters that surround him in cave are dumb and undignified, and this continually frustrates him. However, the concept of community, civilization, and human language that share a common meaning in the human world somehow comforts Grendel. Grendel wants to be part of the human world even though he will be forever trapped in the role of a villain. Although Grendel knows that the beautiful concepts like religion, philosophy, government, and so on are just human projections to overcome their chaotic world, he still wants to be part of it. Apparently, Grendel is torn between his mother’s very animalistic nature, the generally moral and humane world of the Danes and the seemingly logical beliefs of the old Dragon. Grendel is stranded on what he knows to be true and what he wishes is true. However, these differing and conflicting philosophies leave Grendel confused and angry throughout his violent and isolated life in the novel. Grendel and Shelley’s monster are both lonely in the same manner but in different situation. Grendel has a family in the deep cave but he can not accept their totally animalistic and undignified nature, who solely satisfies themselves in physical survival alone and not in intellectual growth. Apparently, Grendel is ashamed in his lineage. The monster in Shelley’s novel on the other hand is the only one of its kind. He is literally alone. His simple desire is to have a companion, someone who will understand his grotesqueness. But nonetheless they both desire to be part of human life even though humans detest and fear them. Both monsters see themselves in human beings– they have the capacity to be good and to be evil. Moreover, human beings has the possibility to satisfy their desire not to be alone. Unlike Grendel, the character of the monster in the novel Frankenstein is not torn between differing philosophies but instead his actions are motivated by revenge because human beings base their treatment on him according to his physical grotesqueness and ugliness and not on his initial gentle and kind nature. His ugly outward appearance is rewarded by beatings and disgust. As he tries to integrate himself in the society, he is shunned universally. Thus, the monster seeks revenge on Victor for making him so hideous and rendering him permanent loneliness because of his ugliness. However, the monster offers Frankenstein peace in exchange for a companion of like origin, but when Frankenstein does not follow, he vows to destroy him and so begins killing off Frankenstein’s intimate friends and loved ones—the people the monster most envies because he does not have them. When Victor dies due to remorse and disillusionment, the monster feels both joy and sadness—joy because Victor is the very cause of his suffering, and sadness because his creator is the only person with whom he has had any sort of relationship. â€Å"I, the miserable and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on†, this statement from the monster as he sees his creator died reflects his retrospection to his suffering and aloneness (Shelley 268) . He is like an aborted child, left and unloved. The monster is feverishly created or fashioned by Victor Frankenstein who studied natural philosophy and chemistry, immersed himself in research, and became eventually consumed by the desire to discover the secret of human life—out of old body parts. After seeing and realizing the monstrosity he has created, Victor flees as the sight of his creation strongly horrifies him. Victor runs and wanders in the streets with remorse. He immediately perceives his creation as a purely evil being and therefore establishes an unmitigated hatred for it. When Victor returns to his apartment, the monster is gone. Victor is apparently the one responsible in the existence of the monster and the society as the one who provoke the monster’s evil tendencies. In the story of Grendel on the other hand, the shaper and the dragon are the one who provoke Grendel’s philosophical quest towards human life. The dragon, who provides the impression of the world as essentially meaningless and empty, and the shaper, who provides an image of the world as essentially connected and purposeful-an image that Grendel finds incredibly seductive, motivates Grendel’s actions on earth, whether good or bad. Apparently, the novel centrally illustrates the corrupting effects of man’s pursuit of knowledge and modern technology. Frankenstein, the main character of the story, created life from dead parts in his desire to help mankind conquer diseases and death, but when he finally finished the act of creation and saw its implications and ugliness, he turned away from the monstrosity he created. Hence, this novel basically demonstrates the horrifying effects of the careless use of science. In many ways, the book reflects the era when it was written—the period of Industrial Revolution during the 18th century, when major initial and dramatic changes took place in science and technology. While the novel Grendel subtly reflects the world during the period of Romanticism– where people are in the period of intense philosophical quest and when poetic and artful words and stories are powerful. In the story, Grendel finds Shaper’s art, language and imagination so seductive that he wants to be part of it. The stories he hears are tried to be applied—philosophy, government and poetry—and therefore he is affected not only by stories and words he hears, but also by stories that exist outside his own experience. In the novel Frankenstein, Shelley seems to stress the limits of human capacity. She gives the readers an idea about the extent of human ignorance in terms of man’s relationship with his creator. The character of Frankenstein in this novel is dominated by the power of human reason through technology and science instead of faith in God. When one believes in the existence of a Supreme Being, he or she is likely to recognize the limitations of human nature. However, in this novel, Frankenstein attempted to create a human being that is better than the existing creation: â€Å"He wanted to find the secrets of life so that all people could live without fear of death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Shelley 7). Thus, this story somehow illustrates some of the shortcomings of the contemporary world in the midst of modernity in science. Although Shelley considers the fact that scientific experiments are for the sake of humanity, these experiments have the potential to destroy them as well. Hence, through the novel, Shelley shows that, by being ignorant of the consequences of creating something new and superior, the entire race may be jeopardized and be destroyed by the same creation. Frankenstein’s process of creation contrasts with God’s creative and redemptive process of creation. In the novel Grendel however focuses not so much on physical creation but on the philosophical aspect of human life. It explores the question whether â€Å"created patterns† has meaning at all. Does the meaning comes from the execution and its effects or does it completely lie on how people perceive its meaning? In addition to the novel Frankenstein, the author highlights the incompetence of humans in attempting to play â€Å"God. † Human’s knowledge is sometimes used that will destroy them eventually in the end. For instance, Frankenstein’s arrogance in playing â€Å"God† for his attempt to create life resulted in the death of his friends and family. This caused him to be consumed in grief and guilt as he endured the terrible loss of friends and family who died by his own hands. The story of â€Å"Frankenstein† can be read as a timeless tale of warning. Like Frankenstein, some contemporary scientists make it their goal and purpose to study and understand the unknowable and to improve our standards of living. However, critical foresight and moral considerations are more significant than faith in science. The novel is a perfect illustration of how a scientist should not be. Knowledge affects humanity in a more complex way. Human miseries and life’s complexities can be caused by humans’ obsession in the pursuit and application of knowledge. Shelley in this novel seems to highlight modernity as an apparent political and social attitude during the time of industrialization where science was attempting to unconsciously alter the traditional way of living. Grendel novel however strongly highlights how language and poetic words affects human pattern of thoughts. When Grendel comes to the world, he is torn with opposing ideas whether life is meaningful or senseless. Both the character of Frankenstein and the Monster , considering their actions in the course of the novel, are symbols of darkness, chaos, and death. Though both Grendel and Frankenstein committed numerous acts of violence and cruelty in the stories, the writers manage to elicit sympathy from the readers that leads the readers to consider them as heroes. The writers portray them as both victims who only want and desire companionship and community that human beings experienced. Both writers present their main characters as monsters but with the same need as that of men. Work Cited: Howell, John Michael. Understanding John Gardner. California: Univ of South Carolina Press, 1993 Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein: Or, The Modern Prometheus. New York: Plain Label Books, 2002

Microarray Student

In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the Mrs. in groups of three bases to assemble the protein. D. What is the resulting primary sequence Of the protein you made in the interactive? Mennonite, Lucien, Aspartic Acid, Valise, Phenylalanine 2. Go to the â€Å"DNA Microfarad Virtual Lab† found at the university of Tutu's Learn-Genetics: Genetic Science Learning Center's website: http://learn. Genetics. Utah. Du/content/labs/microfarad/ 3. Click on the microfarad slide to begin. Then choose Chapter 2 â€Å"Measuring Gene Expression† and go on through Chapter 3 â€Å"The Experiment†.Complete the interactive a first time without writing anything down. 4. Answer the following questions as you work through the virtual DNA microfarad a second time. . What can scientists look for to see which genes are turned on in a particular cell? Provide an example. Scientists use DNA microfarad's that used techniques allowing the amount of Mrs. transcribed by each gene which allows scientists to determine which genes are expressed to a cell. To do so, they use PC to make copies of a gene and then DNA is placed on the microfarad.An example of this is when the DNA microfarad's can be used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (Snaps). B. Why are tissue samples from healthy and cancer cells taken from the same patient? Both samples are elected to be able to compare the cells, look at differences in gene expression in cells that have the exact genetic blue print. C. How is RNA separated from the rest of the tissue? In order to be separated, RNA samples are mixed with organic solvents, and then they run through a vortex and centrifuge. D. Describe the process used to isolate Mrs. from the other types of RNA. RNA is different from other types of RNA because it is the only type that has Poly-A tails, having several adenine amino acids at the end of the molecule. E. Explain how samples are marked. Cancerous cells are red and healthy cells are gre en. . Why is it necessary to make a CDMA copy? Why is Mrs. not used? RNA is not used because DNA is a more stable compared to RNA Making a CDMA copy is necessary to visualize the CDMA later on. This is possible because when you make the CDMA copy, you incorporate a fluorescent label in the molecule. G.Draw a diagram of the process of how labeled DNA copies are made. Label the important components of the process. Your diagram should be in color. Turned in. H. What does CDMA stand for and what was used as a template to create it? CDMA stands for complimentary DNA fragments. The reverse transcription of Mrs. allows for single stranded CDMA to be made. I. What happens once you apply the DNA from the two samples to the DNA microfarad? On the microfarad there are many identical copies of the same genes on certain spots, each spot represents a different gene. J. What does the red color indicate?The red color indicates genes that were induced by elevated CA. K. What does the green color ind icate? The green color indicates that the gene was strongly repressed by cancer cells. L. What does the yellow color indicate? The yellow color indicates that the gene was neither strongly expressed nor strongly repressed in cancer cells. . What conclusions can you make from microfarad data? Microfarad data is a collection Of DNA spots attached to a solid surface that's used to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome. . Does every red spot mean that the genes in that spot are bad? Explain. Not every red spot is cancerous. Red spots on the merged image represent genes that have had their expression turned up or on in the cancerous tissues and are not expressed in normal cells, the they are not always cancerous. O. What are the limitations of DNA microfarad technology? The quality and amount of RNA remains a major challenge in the microfarad experiments. The amount of obtained tissue and the complexity of the t issue sample itself limit the quality and quantity of RNA that can be isolated.Therefore, clinical studies that are published using the microfarad approach are performed in settings where biological samples are abundant and easily obtainable. 5. Complete the Paper Microfarad analysis that comes with the kit. Part II: Smoking and Lung Cancer Grandpa Joe, Judy Smith's father, has been a smoker for the past thirty years. Last year, Grandpa Joe came down with a cold that turned into pneumonia. It took him more than a month to recover. The family is very concerned he is going to develop lung cancer.They heard about a study being conducted at the local hospital that is exploring lung-cancer associated genes in smokers and non-smokers. The family convinces Grandpa Joe to participate in the study in order to learn more about his risk for developing lung cancer. The study is investigating six genes thought to be involved with lung cancer using DNA microfarad technology. The researchers hope to compare gene expression of the six genes of interest between smokers and non-smokers in order to gain more knowledge of what causes a normal lung cell to become cancerous.You have been assigned to the study. Your first task is to learn more about the six genes of interest. Below are descriptions for the six genes of interest: Gene Name (and Symbol): Protein Function: Prediction: Gene l: Human carcinogenicity antigen (CANDACE) This gene codes for a protein that is located in the extracurricular matrix. This protein is involved with adhesion between cells and is thought to be a proto- nosecone and when over-expressed is an nosecone. Expressed in smoker. We predict that the CANDACE will progress to the form of a tumor or untie to harbor that potential.Gene 2: Surfactant protein B (SIFTS) This gene codes for an extracurricular protein. This protein enhances the rate of spreading and increases the stability of pulmonary' surfactant, a lipid-rich material that prevents lung collapse by lowering surface tension at the air- liquid interface in the alveoli of the lungs. Expressed in the Smoker. This gene can possibly progress to spread a higher production of cells or possibly a higher rate of cancer, maybe in the lungs. Gene 3: POP tumor suppressor (HTTP) This gene codes for a protein that is located in the mitochondria and in the nucleolus.This protein is involved with cell cycle checkpoints. This gene is a tumor suppressor gene and is thought to be the â€Å"Guardian of the Genome. † Suppressed in the smoker. I predict this gene is unlikely to get cancer as it monitors cell production, etc. To prevent tumors. Gene 4: CRY This gene codes for a protein that is located in the nucleus. The protein that this gene codes for is testis-determining factor (UDF) which initiates male sex determination. This protein has no function in lung cells. Not expressed in either. Non-smoker-?yellow.This gene probably determines whether or not you get cancer based on cell produc tion. Assume it contributes to getting cancer, unless in the lung cells, where there would be no increase or decrease in likeliness. Gene S: Stockroom IPPP (COPY AY) This gene codes for a protein that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum. The protein catalysts reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesizes cholesterol, steroids, and other lipids. The expression of this protein is induced by some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PARS), some of which are found in cigarette smoke.Suppressed in smoker. This gene will contribute to causing cancer if deregulated because it controls cell signaling pathways. Gene 6: Clinical 3(SPEC) This gene codes for a protein that is located in the plasma membrane and extracurricular matrix. The gene controls cellular response to damage and may control cellular growth regulation and apotheosis. This gene is considered to be a tumor suppressor gene for lung cancer. Suppressed in smoker. This gene decreases your risk of cancer as it controls cel l self-destruction and responds to damage or advances in cell growth 6.Highlight or underline any interesting or important information about the function of each protein. 7. Predict how these genes will be expressed in a DNA microfarad of a smoker versus a non-smoker. Would you expect the genes to be induced in the smoker (more expressed), suppressed in the smoker (less expressed), not expressed in either the smoker or the non- smoker, or expressed the same in both the smoker and non-smoker? In a DNA microfarad, I would expect these DNA genes to have a bit of diversity. I think Gene 1 and 2 will be likely induced as they can contribute to overall cell production, 4 would be unaffected as Mr..Smith is testing for lung cancer, and 3, 5, and 6 to be suppressed as they work to control cell production and smoking destroys several of their functions. For example, Gene 6 works to control cell apotheosis– if smoking ruins the chances for a cell to destroy itself, production can get o ut of control. 8. Record your predictions in the Prediction column of the above table. Part Ill: Microfarad Wet Lab Now that you know more about the six genes of interest, your job is to perform a simulated DNA microfarad using tissue samples taken from Grandpa Joe and a non-smoker's tissue samples.

Alcohol Is the Worst Drug in the United States

A 2010 study by the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs ranked alcohol as â€Å"most harmful† drug on a list of 20 drugs. Alcohol ranked higher than crack and heroin when the potential harm to individuals and others was examined. Alcohol causes physical, psychological and social problems. Alcohol is a depressant that affects every part of the human body. Alcohol affects the part of the brain that controls coordination, memory, judgment and decision-making. Each year, more than 5,000 people under the age of 21 die from underage drinking. Another 1,900 die from car accidents. And still more people die from alcohol-related homicides, suicides and other alcohol-induced accidents. Alcohol costs the U. S. over 184. 6 billion dollars in 1998, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. This cost was more than the estimated cost of all other illegal substances put together-$143. billion-during 1998. Although alcohol has been dubbed the most harmful drug, it is not the drug that does the most harm to an individual. In fact, alcohol earned this dubious honor because of the effect that alcohol has on the people around the alcoholic. Herion, crack cocain and metamfetamine are much more harmful to a person’s body than alcohol is. In a later study in the British Medical Journal, alcohol was found to be the fourth most dangerous drug after heroin, crack and crystal meth. This same study deemed alcohol to be the second most dangerous drug to society. Some people say that alcohol should be banned. Despite the overwhelming evidence that alchol is very bad for indivduals and their loved ones, alcohol remains legal in the U. S. During the 1920’s the US banned alcohol during a time called Prohibition. This policy is considered to have been a failure because it lead to more organized crime, increased alcoholics and negatively impacted the economy. Alcohol continues to be advertised on television and radio, apparently enticing people to continue to buy and drink alchol. Alcohol will always be legal. Alcohol is a big part of our American culture. It is embraced and celebrated by people of all ages every day. Our country is not prepared to make the consumption of alcohol illegal. Doing so would clog the court systems, lead to corruption of officials and cripple the U. S. econmy due to the lost tax money generated by the sale of alcohol. People do need to be educated on the dangers of alcohol so each person can make the best decision for themselves and their family, which would be to avoid alcohol alcohol all together. References Alaraki, M. (2010). Alcohol is society’s most dangerous drug. Retrieved from http://www. dailyfinance. om/2010/11/01/alcohol-is-societys-most-dangerous-drug/ Nutt, D. J. , (2010). Drugs harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. The Lancet 376(9752), 1558-1565. Doi: 10. 1016/50140-6736(10)61462-6 Grohol, J. M. (2010). Alcohol the Most Dangerous Drug? Probably not. Retrieved from http://psychcentral. com/blog/archives/2010/11/01/alcohol-the-most-dangerous-drug-probably-not/ Neurobonnkers . (2012). The largest ever study in to drug harms places alcohol in the top four. Retrieved from http://neurobonkers. com/2012/08/06/the-largest-ever-study-in-to-drug-harms-places-alcohol-in-the-top-four/ Alcohol Is the Worst Drug in the United States A 2010 study by the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs ranked alcohol as â€Å"most harmful† drug on a list of 20 drugs. Alcohol ranked higher than crack and heroin when the potential harm to individuals and others was examined. Alcohol causes physical, psychological and social problems. Alcohol is a depressant that affects every part of the human body. Alcohol affects the part of the brain that controls coordination, memory, judgment and decision-making. Each year, more than 5,000 people under the age of 21 die from underage drinking. Another 1,900 die from car accidents. And still more people die from alcohol-related homicides, suicides and other alcohol-induced accidents. Alcohol costs the U. S. over 184. 6 billion dollars in 1998, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. This cost was more than the estimated cost of all other illegal substances put together-$143. billion-during 1998. Although alcohol has been dubbed the most harmful drug, it is not the drug that does the most harm to an individual. In fact, alcohol earned this dubious honor because of the effect that alcohol has on the people around the alcoholic. Herion, crack cocain and metamfetamine are much more harmful to a person’s body than alcohol is. In a later study in the British Medical Journal, alcohol was found to be the fourth most dangerous drug after heroin, crack and crystal meth. This same study deemed alcohol to be the second most dangerous drug to society. Some people say that alcohol should be banned. Despite the overwhelming evidence that alchol is very bad for indivduals and their loved ones, alcohol remains legal in the U. S. During the 1920’s the US banned alcohol during a time called Prohibition. This policy is considered to have been a failure because it lead to more organized crime, increased alcoholics and negatively impacted the economy. Alcohol continues to be advertised on television and radio, apparently enticing people to continue to buy and drink alchol. Alcohol will always be legal. Alcohol is a big part of our American culture. It is embraced and celebrated by people of all ages every day. Our country is not prepared to make the consumption of alcohol illegal. Doing so would clog the court systems, lead to corruption of officials and cripple the U. S. econmy due to the lost tax money generated by the sale of alcohol. People do need to be educated on the dangers of alcohol so each person can make the best decision for themselves and their family, which would be to avoid alcohol alcohol all together. References Alaraki, M. (2010). Alcohol is society’s most dangerous drug. Retrieved from http://www. dailyfinance. om/2010/11/01/alcohol-is-societys-most-dangerous-drug/ Nutt, D. J. , (2010). Drugs harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. The Lancet 376(9752), 1558-1565. Doi: 10. 1016/50140-6736(10)61462-6 Grohol, J. M. (2010). Alcohol the Most Dangerous Drug? Probably not. Retrieved from http://psychcentral. com/blog/archives/2010/11/01/alcohol-the-most-dangerous-drug-probably-not/ Neurobonnkers . (2012). The largest ever study in to drug harms places alcohol in the top four. Retrieved from http://neurobonkers. com/2012/08/06/the-largest-ever-study-in-to-drug-harms-places-alcohol-in-the-top-four/